Posts com a Tag ‘MALAFAIA Thiago Corrêa (Res)’
Toleration in Conflict: Past and Present | Rainer Forst
Tolerance and toleration, especially at times of conflict are, indeed, hard to come by. But what are exactly these words? What do they mean? Forst addresses these questions in a thorough manner. He argues in favor of recognizing that there is but one concept of toleration, and four conceptions of it. But first let me set the stage of what are the four meanings of “toleration in conflict”: 1) it can be “an attitude or practice that is only called for within social conflicts of a certain kind” (Forst 2013:1), not solving conflicts, merely containing them; 2) that the demand for toleration arises with conflicts — not existing prior to nor beyond them, toleration is an integral part of conflicts being, itself, an “interested party”; 3) that toleration not only is an interested party in conflicts but also the object of conflicts itself; 4) that there is a conflict within the concept of toleration itself, derived from the fact that there is only one concept of toleration, even though differing conceptions have been formulated over time.
Having said that, Forst addresses the pressing issue of concept and conceptions of toleration. A concept can be defined as basic semantic components, whereas conceptions are interpretations of these elements/components. There are six such components that, taken together, form the concept of toleration: the context of toleration; the objection component; the acceptance component; the limits of toleration; that tolerance is exercised by one’s own free will; and that the concept of toleration can subsume either the need to contemplate minorities with certain rights and personal tolerance towards practices one is not personally fond of. To better grasp the concept one needs three elements: to understand the history of the conceptualization of toleration; to examine the concept in its normative and epistemological dimensions; and to situate the concept in today’s conflicts, evaluating its content objectively. Leia Mais
War/ Religion, and Empire: The Transformation of International Orders | Andrews Phillips
The issue of international orders is a specially pressing one in the field of International Relations. Orders change with times, either being transformed by circumstances and/or being outrightly abandoned and substituted with another such form. Notwithstanding, these shifts bring in their wake very important consequences and can even change completely the way peoples, nations, polities and states view themselves in relation to each other and in raletion with the world.
No matter how one sees international orders, which are understood by Phillips as an ensemble of constitutional norms and institutions through which co-operation is fostered and conflict undermined and contained between different polities, it is difficult to play down their importance to International Relations, as a discipline, and as a practice. That is precisely the theme adressed by Phillips in his book. The author adresses three bascic questions in this work: 1) what are international orders?; 2) what elements contribute to and can be held accountable for their transformation?; 3) and how can they be maintained even when faced by violent shocks challenges? Drawing on two basic empirical cases, Christendom and Sino-centric East Asian order, he contends that, despite their idiosyncrasies, both cases share some common characteristics. Based on theses common elements the builds his conception of order which is, to some extent, a synthesis exercise between the constructivist and realist traditions of IR. Leia Mais